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Kingdom of Hungary

A 17th century portrait of Ilona Zrínyi (detail, by unknown painter)

Valour and Beauty — The Extraordinary Life of Countess Ilona Zrínyi

Ilona Zrínyi, a noblewoman hailing from a Croatian–Hungarian aristocratic family, is one of the most defining female figures in Hungarian history. An uncompromising patriot and fearless leader, the Countess defended the castle of Munkács (Mukachevo) for three years against the…
Pope Sylvester II and the Devil in an illustration of c. 1460

Pope Sylvester II, Victim of an 11th Century Character Assassination

One of the most brilliant personalities of the 10–11th centuries fell victim to politics, only to discredit Gregory VII and the church reform. To do this, the lifework of Gerbert/Sylvester had to be ignored, and his unparalleled scientific achievements mocked…
A Slovak family in 1907 in Sátoraljaújhely, Hungary

István Käfer, the Proponent of Hungarian–Slovak Spiritual Reconciliation through the Legacy of St Stephen

‘For István Käfer, one of the elements that has historically united both Slovakia and Hungary is, surprisingly, the language. Bálint Balassi, for instance, a crucial figure in Hungarian renaissance poetry, wrote his works in Hungarian, but he knew Slovak very…
King Władysław at the Battle of Varna, as imagined by Jan Matejko.

The Battle of Varna: A Missed Opportunity to Save Byzantium

The campaign at Varna was one of the most important campaigns launched to repel the Turks, and it needed little to succeed…Varna opened the way to Byzantium, and thus nothing could prevent the Ottoman siege and fall of Constantinople in…
The Mamluks of Egypt defeated the Armenians, 1266: Illumination from Le Livre des Merveilles, 15th century.

Pax Mongolica — The Freedom of Christian Conversion

Mongol rule brought not only immense destruction and suffering to the peoples of the conquered territories but also peace, known in modern research as ‘pax Mongolica’. The period of the Mongol Empire (1206–1368) is unique in world history….
Leader Árpád’s conquest of Hungary, painting by Mihály Munkácsy

Christian Missions in the Carpathian Basin Before the Hungarian Conquest

The Frankish–Moravian struggles that shattered the tranquillity of Pannonia, even before the arrival of the Hungarians, caused irreparable damage to the settlement structure and ecclesiastical institutions of the region, which were thus left in a state of collapse when the…

The Rebirth of the Medieval Royal Library of Hungary

‘Their book collections were also incorporated into King Matthias’ library, now known as the Bibliotheca Corviniana. This can be considered the first royal library to be consciously established and developed. It began to flourish especially after Matthias’ marriage to Beatrix,…

Saint Ladislaus, the Crusade Leader

‘The first units of the First Crusade, and then the main army led by Godfrey of Bouillon, did cross the Hungarian Kingdom, but by then King Coloman was on the throne, the successor of Ladislaus. It was also well known…

The Pechenegs and Medieval Hungary

‘Although the Pechenegs have no visible identity, they are part of the Hungarian nation to this day: their medieval history may have ended, but they have played an important role in Hungarian ethnogenesis. Great clans of Pecheneg origins, like the…
Illustrations of János Arany’s ballads by painter Mihály Zichy (1898)

King Sigismund and the Heroes of the Siege of Golubac

Galambóc (Golubac in today’s Serbia), still an imposing fortress on the banks of the lower Danube section, first appears in the annals of history when Turkish invasions approached and even reached the former borders of Hungary. King Sigismund, however, is…

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